diff --git a/arxiv_cbd.tex b/arxiv_cbd.tex index 927607e501c03a82a88fe88305512e3e38255ca5..368906d9cc8b9f3a7836a58316cb7706ac6f25fc 100644 --- a/arxiv_cbd.tex +++ b/arxiv_cbd.tex @@ -669,8 +669,8 @@ of $\cbdim(G)$ and $\chi(G)$. Therefore, (c2) holds. \end{proof} -A touching representation of axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is said \emph{fully touching} if any two intersecting boxes intersect on a $(d-1)$-dimensional box. Note that the construction above is fully touching. -Indeed, two intersecting boxes corresponding to vertices $u,v$ of colors $c(u) < c(v)$, only touch at coordinate $2/5$ in the $(d+c(u))^\text{th}$ dimension, while they fully intersect in every other dimension. This observation with Lemma~\ref{lemma-chrom} leads to the following. +A touching representation of axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is said to be \emph{fully touching} if any two intersecting boxes intersect on a $(d-1)$-dimensional box. Note that the construction above is fully touching. +Indeed, two intersecting boxes corresponding to vertices $u,v$ with colors $c(u) < c(v)$ only touch at coordinate $2/5$ in the $(d+c(u))^\text{th}$ dimension, while they fully intersect in every other dimension. This observation with Lemma~\ref{lemma-chrom} leads to the following. \begin{corollary} \label{cor-fully-touching} Any graph $G$ has a fully touching representation of comparable axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d= \cbdim(G) + 3^{\cbdim(G)}$. @@ -807,10 +807,10 @@ Since the hypercubes of $h$ have pairwise different sizes, the resulting touchin As every planar graph $G$ has a touching representation by cubes in $\mathbb{R}^3$~\cite{felsner2011contact}, we have that $\cbdim(G)\le 3$. -For the graphs with higher Euler genus we can also derive upper +For graphs with higher Euler genus we can also derive upper bounds. Indeed, combining the previous observation on the -representations of paths and $K_m$, with Theorem~\ref{thm-ktree}, -Lemma~\ref{lemma-sp}, and Corollary~\ref{cor-subg} we obtain: +representations of paths and $K_m$ with Theorem~\ref{thm-ktree}, +Lemma~\ref{lemma-sp} and Corollary~\ref{cor-subg} we obtain: \begin{corollary}\label{cor-genus} For every graph $G$ of Euler genus $g$, there exists a supergraph $G'$ diff --git a/socg_short_cbd.tex b/socg_short_cbd.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e90fd41a426cdb049794c312267a1bfca76d799 --- /dev/null +++ b/socg_short_cbd.tex @@ -0,0 +1,832 @@ +\documentclass[a4paper,nolineno,english,cleveref,autoref,thm-restate]{socg-lipics-v2021} +\bibliographystyle{plainurl} + +\title{On Comparable Box Dimension} + +\titlerunning{On comparable box dimension} + +\author{Zden\v{e}k Dvo\v{r}\'ak}{Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic}{rakdver@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz}{}{Supported by the ERC-CZ project LL2005 (Algorithms and complexity within and beyond bounded expansion) of the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic.} +\author{Daniel Gon\c{c}alves}{LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France}{goncalves@lirmm.fr}{}{Supported by the ANR grant GATO ANR-16-CE40-0009.} +\author{Abhiruk Lahiri}{Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic}{abhiruk@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz}{}{Supported by the ERC-CZ project LL2005 (Algorithms and complexity within and beyond bounded expansion) of the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic.} +\author{Jane Tan}{Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom}{jane.tan@maths.ox.ac.uk}{}{} +\author{Torsten Ueckerdt}{Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany}{torsten.ueckerdt@kit.edu}{}{} + +\authorrunning{Z. Dvo\v{r}\'ak, D. Gon\c{c}alves, A. Lahiri, J. Tan, and T. Ueckerdt} + +\Copyright{Zden\v{e}k Dvo\v{r}\'ak Daniel Gon\c{c}alves, Abhiruk Lahiri, Jane Tan and Torsten Ueckerdt} + +\ccsdesc[500]{Theory of computation~Computational geometry} +\ccsdesc[500]{Mathematics of computing~Graphs and surfaces} + +\keywords{geometric graphs, minor-closed graph classes, treewidth fragility} + +%\category{} %optional, e.g. invited paper + +\relatedversion{A full version of the paper is available at \url{}} %optional, e.g. full version hosted on arXiv, HAL, or other respository/website +%\relatedversiondetails[linktext={opt. text shown instead of the URL}, cite=DBLP:books/mk/GrayR93]{Classification (e.g. Full Version, Extended Version, Previous Version}{URL to related version} %linktext and cite are optional + +%\supplement{}%optional, e.g. related research data, source code, ... hosted on a repository like zenodo, figshare, GitHub, ... +%\supplementdetails[linktext={opt. text shown instead of the URL}, cite=DBLP:books/mk/GrayR93, subcategory={Description, Subcategory}, swhid={Software Heritage Identifier}]{General Classification (e.g. Software, Dataset, Model, ...)}{URL to related version} %linktext, cite, and subcategory are optional + +%\funding{(Optional) general funding statement \dots}%optional, to capture a funding statement, which applies to all authors. Please enter author specific funding statements as fifth argument of the \author macro. + +\acknowledgements{This research was carried out at the workshop on Geometric Graphs and Hypergraphs organized by Yelena Yuditsky and Torsten Ueckerdt in September 2021. We would like to thank the organizers and all participants for creating a friendly and productive environment.}%optional + +\nolinenumbers %uncomment to disable line numbering + +\hideLIPIcs %uncomment to remove references to LIPIcs series (logo, DOI, ...), e.g. when preparing a pre-final version to be uploaded to arXiv or another public repository + +%Editor-only macros:: begin (do not touch as author)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\EventEditors{Xavier Goaoc and Michael Kerber} +\EventNoEds{2} +\EventLongTitle{38th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2022)} +\EventShortTitle{SoCG 2022} +\EventAcronym{SoCG} +\EventYear{2022} +\EventDate{June 7--10, 2022} +\EventLocation{Berlin, Germany} +\EventLogo{socg-logo} +\SeriesVolume{224} +\ArticleNo{37} % <-- This will be filled in by the typesetters +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{colonequals} +\usepackage{epsfig} +\usepackage{tikz} +\usepackage{url} +\newcommand{\GG}{{\cal G}} +\newcommand{\HH}{{\cal H}} +\newcommand{\CC}{{\cal C}} +\newcommand{\OO}{{\cal O}} +\newcommand{\PP}{{\cal P}} +\newcommand{\RR}{{\cal R}} + +\newcommand{\eps}{\varepsilon} +\newcommand{\mc}[1]{\mathcal{#1}} +\newcommand{\mf}[1]{\mathfrak{#1}} +\newcommand{\bb}[1]{\mathbb{#1}} +\newcommand{\brm}[1]{\operatorname{#1}} +\newcommand{\cbdim}{\brm{dim}_{cb}} +\newcommand{\ecbdim}{\brm{dim}^{ext}_{cb}} +\newcommand{\tw}{\brm{tw}} +\newcommand{\vol}{\brm{vol}} +%%%%% + + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +Two boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ are \emph{comparable} if one of them is a subset +of a translation of the other one. The \emph{comparable box dimension} of a graph +$G$ is the minimum integer $d$ such that $G$ can be represented as a +touching graph of comparable axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. We +show that proper minor-closed classes have bounded comparable box +dimension and explore further properties of this notion. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +Given a system $\OO$ of subsets of $\mathbb{R}^d$, we say that a graph $G$ is a \emph{touching graph of objects from $\OO$} +if there exists a function $f:V(G)\to \OO$ (called a \emph{touching representation by objects from $\OO$}) +such that the interiors of $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are disjoint for all distinct $u,v\in V(G)$, and $f(u)\cap f(v)\neq\emptyset$ if and only if $uv\in E(G)$. +Famously, Koebe~\cite{koebe} proved that a graph is planar if and only if it is a touching graph of balls in $\mathbb{R}^2$. +This result has motivated numerous strengthenings and variations (see \cite{graphsandgeom, sachs94} for some classical examples); most relevantly for us, Felsner and Francis~\cite{felsner2011contact} showed that every planar graph is a touching graph of cubes in $\mathbb{R}^3$. + +An attractive feature of touching representations is that it is possible to represent graph classes that are sparse +(e.g., planar graphs, or more generally, graph classes with bounded expansion~\cite{nesbook}). +This is in contrast to general intersection representations where the represented class always includes arbitrarily large cliques. +Of course, whether the class of touching graphs of objects from $\OO$ is sparse or not depends on the particular system $\OO$. +For example, all complete bipartite graphs $K_{n,m}$ are touching graphs of boxes in $\mathbb{R}^3$, where the vertices in +one part are represented by $m\times 1\times 1$ boxes and the vertices of the other part are represented by $1\times n\times 1$ +boxes (throughout the paper, by \emph{box} we always mean \emph{axis-aligned box}, i.e., the Cartesian product of closed intervals of non-zero length). +Dvo\v{r}\'ak, McCarty and Norin~\cite{subconvex} noticed that this issue disappears if we forbid such a combination of +long and wide boxes. This condition can be expressed as follows. For two boxes $B_1$ and $B_2$, we write $B_1 \sqsubseteq B_2$ if $B_2$ contains a translate of $B_1$. +We say that $B_1$ and $B_2$ are \emph{comparable} if $B_1\sqsubseteq B_2$ or $B_2\sqsubseteq B_1$. +A \emph{touching representation by comparable boxes} of a graph $G$ is a touching representation $f$ by boxes +such that for every $u,v\in V(G)$, the boxes $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are comparable. +Let the \emph{comparable box dimension} $\cbdim(G)$ of a graph $G$ be the smallest integer $d$ such that $G$ has a touching representation by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. +We remark that the comparable box dimension of every graph $G$ is at most $|V(G)|$, see Section~\ref{sec-vertad} for details. +Then, for a class $\GG$ of graphs, let $\cbdim(\GG)\colonequals\sup\{\cbdim(G):G\in\GG\}$. If the +comparable box dimension of graphs in $\GG$ is not bounded, we write $\cbdim(\GG)=\infty$. + +Dvo\v{r}\'ak, McCarty and Norin~\cite{subconvex} proved some basic properties of this notion. In particular, +they showed that if a class $\GG$ has finite comparable box dimension, then it has polynomial strong coloring +numbers, which implies that $\GG$ has strongly sublinear separators. They also provided an example showing +that, for many functions $h$, the class of graphs with strong coloring numbers bounded by $h$ has infinite +comparable box dimension\footnote{In their construction $h(r)$ has to be at least 3, and has to tend to $+\infty$.}. Dvo\v{r}\'ak et al.~\cite{wcolig} +proved that graphs of comparable box dimension $3$ have exponential weak coloring numbers, giving the +first natural graph class with polynomial strong coloring numbers and superpolynomial weak coloring numbers +(the previous example is obtained by subdividing edges of every graph suitably many times~\cite{covcol}). + +We show that the comparable box dimension behaves well under the operations of addition of apex vertices, +clique-sums, and taking subgraphs. Together with known results on product structure~\cite{DJM+}, this implies +the main result of this paper. + +\begin{theorem}\label{thm-minor} +The comparable box dimension of every proper minor-closed class of graphs is finite. +\end{theorem} + +Additionally, we show that classes of graphs with finite comparable box dimension are fractionally treewidth-fragile. +This gives arbitrarily precise approximation algorithms for all monotone maximization problems that are +expressible in terms of distances between the solution vertices and tractable on graphs of bounded treewidth~\cite{distapx}, +or expressible in the first-order logic~\cite{logapx}. + +\section{Parameters} + +In this section we bound some basic graph parameters in terms of comparable box dimension. +The first result bounds the clique number $\omega(G)$ in terms of $\cbdim(G)$. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-cliq} +For any graph $G$, we have $\omega(G)\le 2^{\cbdim(G)}$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +We may assume that $G$ has bounded comparable box dimension +witnessed by a box representation $f$. To represent any clique $A = \{a_1,\ldots,a_w\}$ in $G$, the +corresponding boxes $f(a_1),\ldots,f(a_w)$ have pairwise non-empty +intersections. Since axis-aligned boxes have the Helly property, there +is a point $p \in \mathbb{R}^d$ contained in $f(a_1) \cap \cdots \cap +f(a_w)$. As each box is full-dimensional, their interiors each intersect at +least one of the $2^d$ orthants at $p$. At the same time, it follows from the definition +of a touching representation that $f(a_1),\ldots,f(a_d)$ have pairwise disjoint +interiors, and hence $w \leq 2^d$. +\end{proof} +Note that a clique with $2^d$ vertices has a touching representation by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, +where each vertex is a hypercube defined as the Cartesian product of intervals of form $[-1,0]$ or $[0,1]$. +From this together with Lemma~\ref{lemma-cliq}, it follows that $\cbdim(K_{2^d})=d$. + +The remaining bounds pertain to the chromatic number $\chi(G)$ of a graph $G$, and two +of its variants. An \emph{acyclic coloring} (resp. \emph{star coloring}) of a graph $G$ is a proper +coloring such that any two color classes induce a forest (resp. star forest, i.e., a forest in which each component is a star). The \emph{acyclic chromatic number} $\chi_a(G)$ (resp. \emph{star chromatic + number} $\chi_s(G)$) of $G$ is the minimum number of colors in an acyclic (resp. star) +coloring of $G$. We will need the fact that all the variants of the chromatic number +are at most exponential in the comparable box dimension; this follows +from~\cite{subconvex}, although we include an argument to make the +dependence clear. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-chrom} +For any graph $G$ we have $\chi(G)\le 3^{\cbdim(G)}$, $\chi_a(G)\le 5^{\cbdim(G)}$ and $\chi_s(G) \le 2\cdot 9^{\cbdim(G)}$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +We focus on the star chromatic number and note that the chromatic number and the acyclic chromatic number may be bounded similarly. +Suppose that $G$ has comparable box dimension $d$ witnessed by a representation $f$, and let $v_1, \ldots, v_n$ +be the vertices of $G$ written so that $\vol(f(v_1)) \geq \ldots \geq \vol(f(v_n))$. +Equivalently, we have $f(v_i)\sqsubseteq f(v_j)$ whenever $i>j$. Now define a greedy coloring $c$ so that $c(v_i)$ is +the smallest color such that $c(v_i)\neq c(v_j)$ for any $j<i$ for which either $v_jv_i\in E(G)$ or there +exists $m>j$ such that $v_jv_m,v_mv_i\in E(G)$. Note that this gives a star coloring, since a path on four vertices always contains a 3-vertex subpath of the form $v_{i_1}v_{i_2}v_{i_3}$ such that $i_1<i_2,i_3$, and our coloring procedure gives distinct colors to vertices forming such a path. + +It remains to bound the number of colors used. Suppose we are coloring $v_i$. We shall bound the number of vertices +$v_j$ such that $j<i$ and such that there exists $m>i$ for which $v_jv_m,v_mv_i\in E(G)$. Let $B$ be the box obtained by scaling up $f(v_i)$ by a factor of 5 while keeping the same center. Since $f(v_m)\sqsubseteq f(v_i)\sqsubseteq f(v_j)$, there exists a translation $B_j$ of $f(v_i)$ +contained in $f(v_j)\cap B$ (see Figure~\ref{fig:lowercolcount}). Two boxes $B_{j}$ and $B_{j'}$ for $j\neq j'$ have disjoint interiors since their intersection is contained in the intersection of the touching boxes $f(v_{j})$ and $f(v_{j'})$, and their interiors are also disjoint from $f(v_i)\subset B$. Thus, the number of such indices $j$ is at most $\vol(B)/\vol(f(v_i))-1=5^d-1$. + +A similar argument shows that the number of indices $m$ such that $m<i$ and $v_mv_i\in E(G)$ is at most $3^d-1$. +Consequently, the number of indices $j<i$ for which there exists $m$ such that $j<m<i$ and $v_jv_m,v_mv_i\in E(G)$ +is at most $(3^d-1)^2$. This means that when choosing the color of $v_i$ greedily, we only need to avoid colors of at most $(5^d-1) + (3^d-1) + (3^d-1)^2$ vertices, so $2\cdot 9^d$ colors suffice. +\end{proof} + +\begin{figure} +\centering + \begin{tikzpicture}[xscale=1, yscale=0.6] + \footnotesize + \draw[dashed] (0,0) rectangle (5,5); + \filldraw[red!20!white] (2,2) rectangle (3,3); + \draw (1,0) rectangle (3,2); + \node [fill=none, color=red] at (2.5, 2.5) {$f(v_i)$}; + \draw (3,3) rectangle (6,6); + \draw (1.4,2.6) rectangle (2,3.2); + \draw (-0.8,2.2) rectangle (1.4,4.4); + \filldraw[blue!20!white] (1.5,0.5) rectangle (2.5,1.5); + \filldraw[blue!20!white] (3.5,3.5) rectangle (4.5,4.5); + \filldraw[blue!20!white] (0.2,2.8) rectangle (1.2,3.8); + \node [fill=white] at (5, 1) {$B$}; + \node [fill=white] at (6, 4.5) {$f(v_1)$}; + \node [fill=none, color=blue] at (4, 4) {$B_1$}; + \node [fill=white] at (-0.8, 3) {$f(v_2)$}; + \node [fill=none, color=blue] at (0.7, 3.3) {$B_2$}; + \node [fill=white] at (3.1, 1) {$f(v_3)$}; + \node [fill=none, color=blue] at (2, 1) {$B_3$}; + \end{tikzpicture} + \caption{Nearby boxes obstructing colors at $v_i$.} + \label{fig:lowercolcount} +\end{figure} + + +\section{Operations} + +It is clear that, given a touching representation of a graph $G$, one +can easily obtains a touching representation by boxes of an induced +subgraph $H$ of $G$ by simply deleting the boxes corresponding to the +vertices in $V(G)\setminus V(H)$. We shall show that these representations also behave nicely under several other basic operations on graphs. To describe the boxes, we shall use the Cartesian product $\times$ defined among boxes of lower dimension (so that $A\times B$ is the box whose projection on some first number of dimensions gives the box $A$, while the projection on the remaining dimensions gives the box $B$), or specify its projections onto every dimension (and in this case write $A[i]$ for the interval obtained from projecting $A$ on its $i^\text{th}$ dimension). + +\subsection{Vertex addition}\label{sec-vertad} + +Let us start with a simple lemma which says that the addition of a vertex +increases the comparable box dimension by at most one. In particular, +this implies that $\cbdim(G)\le |V(G)|$. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-apex} +For any graph $G$ and $v\in V(G)$, we have $\cbdim(G)\le \cbdim(G-v)+1$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +Let $f$ be a touching representation of $G-v$ by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d=\cbdim(G-v)$. +We define a representation $h$ of $G$ as follows. +For each $u\in V(G)\setminus\{v\}$, let $h(u)=[0,1]\times f(u)$ if $uv\in E(G)$ and +$h(u)=[1/2,3/2]\times f(u)$ if $uv\not\in E(G)$. Let $h(v)=[-1,0]\times [-M,M] \times \cdots \times [-M,M]$, +where $M$ is chosen large enough so that $f(u)\subseteq [-M,M] \times \cdots \times [-M,M]$ for every $u\in V(G)\setminus\{v\}$. +Then $h$ is a touching representation of $G$ by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$. +\end{proof} + + +\subsection{Strong product} + +Let $G\boxtimes H$ denote the \emph{strong product} of the graphs $G$ +and $H$, i.e., the graph with vertex set $V(G)\times V(H)$ and with +distinct vertices $(u_1,v_1)$ and $(u_2,v_2)$ adjacent if and only if +$u_1$ is equal to or adjacent to $u_2$ in $G$ +and $v_1$ is equal to or adjacent to $v_2$ in $H$. +To obtain a touching representation of $G\boxtimes +H$ it suffices to take a product of representations of $G$ and $H$, but +the resulting representation may contain incomparable boxes. +Indeed, in general $\cbdim(G\boxtimes H)$ is not bounded by a function +of $\cbdim(G)$ and $\cbdim(H)$; for example, every star has comparable box dimension +at most two, but the strong product of the star $K_{1,n}$ with itself contains +$K_{n,n}$ as an induced subgraph, and thus its comparable box dimension is at least $\Omega(\log n)$. +However, as shown in the following lemma, this issue does not arise if the representation of $H$ consists of translates +of a single box; by scaling, we can without loss of generality assume this box is a unit hypercube. + +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-sp} + Consider a graph $H$ having a touching representation $h$ in + $\mathbb{R}^{d_H}$ by axis-aligned hypercubes of unit size. Then for any graph + $G$, the strong product $G\boxtimes H$ of these graphs has comparable box dimension at most + $\cbdim(G) + d_H$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + It suffices to take a product of the two + representations. Indeed, consider a touching respresentation $g$ of $G$ by + comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^{d_G}$, with + $d_G=\cbdim(G)$, and the representation $h$ of $H$. Let us define a + representation $f$ of $G\boxtimes H$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d_G+d_H}$ by + \begin{equation*} + f((u,v))[i]=\begin{cases} + g(u)[i]&\text{ if $i\le d_G$}\\ + h(v)[i-d_G]&\text{ if $i > d_G$.} + \end{cases} + \end{equation*} + Consider distinct vertices $(u,v)$ and $(u',v')$ of $G\boxtimes H$. + The boxes $g(u)$ and $g(u')$ are comparable, say $g(u)\sqsubseteq g(u')$. Since $h(v')$ + is a translation of $h(v)$, this implies that $f((u,v))\sqsubseteq f((u',v'))$. Hence, the boxes + of the representation $f$ are pairwise comparable. + + The boxes of the representations $g$ and $h$ have pairwise disjoint interiors. + Hence, if $u\neq u'$, then there exists $i\le d_G$ such that the interiors + of the intervals $f((u,v))[i]=g(u)[i]$ and $f((u',v'))[i]=g(u')[i]$ are disjoint; + if $v\neq v'$, then there exists $i\le d_H$ such that the interiors + of the intervals $f((u,v))[i+d_G]=h(v)[i]$ and $f((u',v'))[i+d_G]=h(v')[i]$ are disjoint. + Consequently, the interiors of boxes $f((u,v))$ and $f((u',v'))$ are pairwise disjoint. + Moreover, if $u\neq u'$ and $uu'\not\in E(G)$, or if $v\neq v'$ and $vv'\not\in E(G)$, + then the aforementioned intervals (not just their interiors) are disjoint for some $i$; + hence, if $(u,v)$ and $(u',v')$ are not adjacent in $G\boxtimes H$, then $f((u,v))\cap f((u',v'))=\emptyset$. + Therefore, $f$ is a touching representation of a subgraph of $G\boxtimes H$. + + Finally, suppose that $(u,v)$ and $(u',v')$ are adjacent in $G\boxtimes H$. + Then there exists a point $p_G$ in the intersection of $g(u)$ and $g(u')$, + since $u=u'$ or $uu'\in E(G)$ and $g$ is a touching representation of $G$; + and similarly, there exists a point $p_H$ in the intersection of $h(v)$ and $h(v')$. + Then $p_G\times p_H$ is a point in the intersection of $f((u,v))$ and $f((u',v'))$. + Hence, $f$ is indeed a touching representation of $G\boxtimes H$. +\end{proof} + + +\subsection{Taking a subgraph} + +The comparable box dimension of a subgraph of a graph $G$ may be larger than $\cbdim(G)$ (see the end of this +section for an example). However, we show that the +comparable box dimension of a subgraph is at most exponential in the +comparable box dimension of the whole graph. This is essentially +Corollary~25 in~\cite{subconvex}, but since the setting is somewhat +different and the construction of~\cite{subconvex} uses rotated boxes, +we provide details of the argument. + +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-subg} +If $G$ is a subgraph of a graph $G'$, then $\cbdim(G)\le \cbdim(G')+\frac12 \chi^2_s(G')$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +By removing boxes that represent vertices of $G$ that are not in $G'$, we may assume that $V(G')=V(G)$. +Let $f$ be a touching representation of $G'$ by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d=\cbdim(G')$. Let $\varphi$ +be a star coloring of $G'$ using colors $\{1,\ldots,c\}$, where $c=\chi_s(G')$. + +For any distinct colors $i,j\in\{1,\ldots,c\}$, let $A_{i,j}\subseteq V(G)$ be the set of vertices $u$ of color $i$ +such that there exists a vertex $v$ of color $j$ such that $uv\in E(G')\setminus E(G)$. For each $u\in A_{i,j}$, +let $a_j(u)$ denote such a vertex $v$ chosen arbitrarily. + +Let us define a representation $h$ by boxes in $\mathbb{R}^{d+\binom{c}{2}}$ by starting from the representation $f$ and, +for each pair $i<j$ of colors, adding a dimension $d_{i,j}$ and setting +\[h(v)[d_{i,j}]=\begin{cases} +[1/3,4/3]&\text{if $v\in A_{i,j}$}\\ +[-4/3,-1/3]&\text{if $v\in A_{j,i}$}\\ +[-1/2,1/2]&\text{otherwise.} +\end{cases}\] +Note that the boxes in this extended representation are comparable, +as in the added dimensions, all the boxes have size $1$. + +Suppose $uv\in E(G)$, where $\varphi(u)=i$ and $\varphi(v)=j$ and say $i<j$. +We cannot have $u\in A_{i,j}$ and $v\in A_{j,i}$, as then $a_j(u)uva_i(v)$ would be a 4-vertex path in $G'$ in colors $i$ and $j$. +Hence, in any added dimension $d'$, we have $h(u)[d']=[-1/2,1/2]$ or $h(v)[d']=[-1/2,1/2]$, +and thus $h(u)[d']\cap h(v)[d']\neq\emptyset$. +Since the boxes $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ touch, it follows that the boxes $h(u)$ and $h(v)$ touch as well. + +Suppose now that $uv\not\in E(G)$. If $uv\not\in E(G')$, then $f(u)$ is disjoint from $f(v)$, and thus $h(u)$ is disjoint from +$h(v)$. Hence, we can assume $uv\in E(G')\setminus E(G)$, $\varphi(u)=i$, $\varphi(v)=j$ and $i<j$. Then $u\in A_{i,j}$, $v\in A_{j,i}$, +$h(u)[d_{i,j}]=[1/3,4/3]$, $h(v)[d_{j,i}]=[-4/3,-1/3]$, and $h(u)\cap h(v)=\emptyset$. + +Consequently, $h$ is a touching representation of $G$ by comparable boxes in dimension $d+\binom{c}{2}\le d+c^2 /2$. +\end{proof} + +Let us now combine Lemmas~\ref{lemma-chrom} and \ref{lemma-subg}. + +\begin{corollary}\label{cor-subg} +If $G$ is a subgraph of a graph $G'$, then $\cbdim(G)\le \cbdim(G')+2\cdot 81^{\cbdim(G')}\le 3\cdot 81^{\cbdim(G')}$. +\end{corollary} + +An exponential increase in the dimension is unavoidable: we have $\cbdim(K_{2^d})=d$, +but the graph obtained from $K_{2^d}$ by deleting a perfect matching has comparable box dimension $2^{d-1}$. Indeed, for every pair $u,v$ of non-adjacent vertices there is a specific dimension $i$ such that their boxes span intervals $[a,b]$ and $[c,d]$ with $b<c$, while the $i^\text{th}$ interval of every other box in the representation contains $[b,c]$. + + +\subsection{Clique-sums} + +A \emph{clique-sum} of two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ is obtained from +their disjoint union by identifying vertices of a clique in $G_1$ and +a clique of the same size in $G_2$ and possibly deleting some of the +edges of the resulting clique. A \emph{full clique-sum} is a +clique-sum in which we keep all the edges of the resulting clique. +The main issue to overcome in obtaining a representation for a (full) +clique-sum is that the representations of $G_1$ and $G_2$ can be +``degenerate''. Consider, for example, the case where $G_1$ is represented by +unit squares arranged in a grid; here there is no space to +attach $G_2$ at the cliques formed by four squares intersecting in a +single corner. This can be avoided by increasing the dimension, but +we need to be careful so that the dimension stays bounded even after +an arbitrary number of clique-sums. We thus introduce the notion of +\emph{clique-sum extendable} representations. + +\begin{definition} +Consider a graph $G$ with a distinguished clique $C^\star$, called the +\emph{root clique} of $G$. A touching representation $h$ of $G$ +by (not necessarily comparable) boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is called +\emph{$C^\star$-clique-sum extendable} if the following conditions hold for every sufficiently small $\varepsilon>0$. +\begin{itemize} +\item[] {\bf(vertices)} For each $u\in V(C^\star)$, there exists a dimension $d_u$, + such that: + \subitem\emph{(v0)} $d_u\neq d_{u'}$ for distinct $u,u'\in V(C^\star)$, + \subitem\emph{(v1)} each vertex $u\in V(C^\star)$ satisfies $h(u)[d_u] = [-1,0]$ and + $h(u)[i] = [0,1]$ for any dimension $i\neq d_u$, and + \subitem\emph{(v2)} each vertex $v\notin V(C^\star)$ satisfies $h(v) \subset [0,1)^d$. +\item[] {\bf(cliques)} For every clique $C$ of $G$, there exists + a point $p(C)\in [0,1)^d\cap \left( \bigcap_{v\in V(C)} h(v) \right)$ + such that, defining the \emph{clique box} $h^\varepsilon(C)$ + by setting $h^\varepsilon(C)[i] = [p(C)[i],p(C)[i]+\varepsilon]$ for every dimension + $i$, the following conditions are satisfied: +% \begin{itemize} + \subitem\emph{(c1)} For any two cliques $C_1\neq C_2$, $h^\varepsilon(C_1) \cap + h^\varepsilon(C_2) = \emptyset$ (equivalently, $p(C_1) \neq p(C_2)$). + \subitem\emph{(c2)} A box $h(v)$ intersects $h^\varepsilon(C)$ if and only if + $v\in V(C)$, and in that case their intersection is a facet of + $h^\varepsilon(C)$ incident to $p(C)$. That is, there exists a dimension $i_{C,v}$ + such that for each dimension $j$, + \[h(v)[j]\cap h^\varepsilon(C)[j] = \begin{cases} + \{p(C)[i_{C,v}] \}&\text{if $j=i_{C,v}$}\\ + [p(C)[j],p(C)[j]+\varepsilon]&\text{otherwise.} + \end{cases}\] +% \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} +\end{definition} +Note that the root clique can be empty, that is the +empty subgraph with no vertices. In that case the clique is denoted +$\emptyset$. Let $\ecbdim(G)$ be the minimum dimension such that $G$ +has an $\emptyset$-clique-sum extendable touching representation by +comparable boxes. + +Let us remark that a clique-sum extendable representation in dimension $d$ implies the existence of +such a representation in higher dimensions as well. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-add} +Let $G$ be a graph with a root clique $C^\star$ and let $h$ be +a $C^\star$-clique-sum extendable touching representation of $G$ by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. +Then $G$ has such a representation in $\mathbb{R}^{d'}$ for every $d'\ge d$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +It clearly suffices to consider the case that $d'=d+1$. +Note that the \textbf{(vertices)} conditions imply that $h(v')\sqsubseteq h(v)$ for every $v'\in V(G)\setminus V(C^\star)$ +and $v\in V(C^\star)$. We extend the representation $h$ +by setting $h(v)[d+1] = [0,1]$ for $v\in V(C^\star)$ and $h(v)[d+1] = [0,\frac12]$ for $v\in V(G)\setminus V(C^\star)$. +The clique point $p(C)$ of each clique $C$ is extended by setting $p(C)[d+1] = \frac14$. +It is easy to verify that the resulting representation is $C^\star$-clique-sum extendable. +\end{proof} + +The following lemma ensures that clique-sum extendable representations +behave well with respect to full clique-sums. The proof is omitted, but the key strategy is to translate (allowing exchanges of dimensions) and scale $h_2$ to fit in $h_1^\varepsilon(C_1)$. +\begin{lemma}\label{lem-cs} + Consider two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, given with a $C^\star_1$- and a + $C^\star_2$-clique-sum extendable representations $h_1$ and $h_2$ by comparable boxes + in $\mathbb{R}^{d_1}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{d_2}$, + respectively. Let $G$ be the graph obtained by performing a full + clique-sum of these two graphs on any clique $C_1$ of $G_1$, and on + the root clique $C^\star_2$ of $G_2$. Then $G$ admits a $C^\star_1$-clique + sum extendable representation $h$ by comparable boxes in + $\mathbb{R}^{\max(d_1,d_2)}$. +\end{lemma} + +Moreover, we can pick the root clique at the expense of increasing the dimension by $\omega(G)$. This proof is also omitted, but it is essentially the same as that of Lemma~\ref{lemma-apex}. +\begin{lemma}\label{lem-apex-cs} + For any graph $G$ and any clique $C^\star$, the graph $G$ admits a + $C^\star$-clique-sum extendable touching representation by comparable + boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for $d = |V(C^\star)| + \ecbdim(G\setminus V(C^\star))$. +\end{lemma} + +The last key lemma that we will need in this section is an upper bound on $\ecbdim(G)$ in terms +of $\cbdim(G)$ and $\chi(G)$. +\begin{lemma}\label{lem-ecbdim-cbdim} + For any graph $G$, $\ecbdim(G) \le \cbdim(G) + \chi(G)$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + Let $h$ be a touching representation of $G$ by comparable boxes in + $\mathbb{R}^d$, with $d=\cbdim(G)$, and let $c$ be a + $\chi(G)$-coloring of $G$. We start with a slightly modified version + of $h$. We first scale $h$ to fit in $(0,1)^d$, and for a + sufficiently small real $\alpha>0$ we increase each box in $h$ by + $2\alpha$ in every dimension, that is we replace $h(v)[i] = [a,b]$ + by $[a-\alpha,b+\alpha]$ for each vertex $v$ and dimension + $i$. Here, we choose $\alpha$ to be sufficiently small so that the boxes representing + non-adjacent vertices remain disjoint, and thus the resulting representation $h_1$ is + an intersection representation of the same graph $G$. Moreover, observe that + for every clique $C$ of $G$, the intersection $I_C=\bigcap_{v\in V(C)} h_1(v)$ is + a box with non-zero edge lengths. For any clique $C$ of $G$, let + $p_1(C)$ be a point in the interior of $I_C$ different from the points + chosen for all other cliques. + + Now we add $\chi(G)$ dimensions to make the representation touching + again, and to ensure some space for the clique boxes + $h^\varepsilon(C)$. Formally we define $h_2$ as + \[h_2(u)[i]=\begin{cases} + h_1(u)[i]&\text{ if $i\le d$}\\ + [1/5,3/5]&\text{ if $i>d$ and $c(u) < i-d$}\\ + [0,2/5]&\text{ if $i>d$ and $c(u) = i-d$}\\ + [2/5,4/5]&\text{ otherwise (if $c(u) > i-d > 0$).} + \end{cases}\] + For any clique $C$ of $G$, let $c(C)$ denote the color set $\{c(u)\ |\ u\in V(C)\}$. + We now set + \[p_2(C)[i]=\begin{cases} + p_1(C)[i] &\text{ if $i\le d$}\\ + 2/5 &\text{ if $i>d$ and $i-d \in c(C)$}\\ + 1/2 &\text{ otherwise.} + \end{cases} + \] + As $h_2$ is an extension of $h_1$, and as in each dimension $j>d$, + $h_2(v)[j]$ is an interval of length $2/5$ containing the point $2/5$ for every vertex $v$, + we have that $h_2$ is an intersection representation of $G$ by comparable boxes. + To prove that it is touching consider two adjacent + vertices $u$ and $v$ such that $c(u)<c(v)$, and let us note that $h_2(u)[d+c(u)] = [0,2/5]$ + and $h_2(v)[d+c(u)] = [2/5,4/5]$. + + For the $\emptyset$-clique-sum extendability, the \textbf{(vertices)} conditions are void. + For the \textbf{(cliques)} conditions, since $p_1$ is chosen to be injective, the mapping $p_2$ + is injective as well, implying that (c1) holds. + + Consider now a clique $C$ in $G$ and a vertex $v\in V(G)$. If $c(v)\not\in c(C)$, then + $h_2(v)[c(v)+d]=[0,2/5]$ and $p_2(C)[c(v)+d]=1/2$, implying that $h_2^{\varepsilon}(C)\cap h_2(v)=\emptyset$. + If $c(v)\in c(C)$ but $v\not\in V(C)$, then letting $v'\in V(C)$ be the vertex of color $c(v)$, + we have $vv'\not\in E(G)$, and thus $h_1(v)$ is disjoint from $h_1(v')$. Since $p_1(C)$ is contained + in the interior of $h_1(v')$, it follows that $h_2^{\varepsilon}(C)\cap h_2(v)=\emptyset$. + Finally, suppose that $v\in C$. Since $p_1(C)$ is contained in the interior of $h_1(v)$, + we have $h_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i] \subset h_2(v)[i]$ for every $i\le d$. For $i>d$ distinct from $d+c(v)$, + we have $p_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i]\in\{2/5,1/2\}$ and $[2/5,3/5]\subseteq h_2(v)[i]$, and thus + $h_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i] \subset h_2(v)[i]$. For $i=d+c(v)$, we have $p_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i]=2/5$ + and $h_2(v)[i]=[0,2/5]$, and thus $h_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i] \cap h_2(v)[i]=\{p_2^{\varepsilon}(C)[i]\}$. + Therefore, (c2) holds. +\end{proof} + + +Together, the preceding lemmas show that comparable box dimension is almost preserved by +full clique-sums. + +\begin{corollary} +\label{cor-csum} +Let $\GG$ be a class of graphs of chromatic number at most $k$. If $\GG'$ is the class +of all graphs that can be obtained from $\GG$ by repeatedly performing full clique-sums, then +$\cbdim(\GG')\le \cbdim(\GG) + 2k.$ +\end{corollary} +\begin{proof} +Suppose a graph $G$ is obtained from $G_1, \ldots, G_m\in\GG$ by a sequence of full clique-sums. +Without loss of generality, the labelling of the graphs is chosen so that we first +perform the full clique-sum on $G_1$ and $G_2$, then on the resulting graph and $G_3$, and so on. +Let $C^\star_1=\emptyset$ and for $i=2,\ldots,m$, let $C^\star_i$ be the root clique of $G_i$ on which it is +glued in the full clique-sum operation. By Lemmas~\ref{lem-ecbdim-cbdim} and \ref{lem-apex-cs}, +$G_i$ has a $C_i^\star$-clique-sum extendable touching representation by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, +where $d=\cbdim(\GG) + 2k$. Repeatedly applying Lemma~\ref{lem-cs}, we conclude that +$\cbdim(G)\le d$. +\end{proof} + +Putting this corollary together with Lemmas~\ref{lemma-chrom} and~\ref{lemma-subg}, we obtain the following bounds. +\begin{corollary}\label{cor-csump} +Let $\GG$ be a class of graphs of comparable box dimension at most $d$. +\begin{itemize} +\item The class $\GG'$ of graphs obtained from $\GG$ by repeatedly performing full clique-sums +has comparable box dimension at most $d + 2\cdot 3^d$. +\item The closure of $\GG'$ by taking subgraphs +has comparable box dimension at most $1250^d$. +\end{itemize} +\end{corollary} +\begin{proof} +The former bound directly follows from Corollary~\ref{cor-csum} and the bound on the chromatic number +from Lemma~\ref{lemma-chrom}. For the latter, we need to bound the star chromatic number of $\GG'$. +Suppose a graph $G$ is obtained from $G_1, \ldots, G_m\in\GG$ by performing full clique-sums. +For $i=1,\ldots, m$, suppose $G_i$ has an acyclic coloring $\varphi_i$ by at most $k$ colors. +Note that the vertices of any clique get pairwise different colors, and thus by permuting the colors, +we can ensure that when we perform the full clique-sum, the vertices that are identified have the same +color. Hence, we can define a coloring $\varphi$ of $G$ such that for each $i$, the restriction of +$\varphi$ to $V(G_i)$ is equal to $\varphi_i$. Let $C$ be the union of any two color classes of $\varphi$. +Then for each $i$, $G_i[C\cap V(G_i)]$ is a forest, and since $G[C]$ is obtained from these graphs +by full clique-sums, $G[C]$ is also a forest. Hence, $\varphi$ is an acyclic coloring of $G$ +by at most $k$ colors. By~\cite{albertson2004coloring}, $G$ has a star coloring by at most $2k^2-k$ colors. +Hence, Lemma~\ref{lemma-chrom} implies that $\GG'$ has star chromatic number at most $2\cdot 25^d - 5^d$. +The bound on the comparable box dimension of subgraphs of graphs from $\GG'$ then follows from Lemma~\ref{lemma-subg}. +\end{proof} + +\section{The strong product structure and minor-closed classes}\label{sec:prodstruct} + +A \emph{$k$-tree} is any graph obtained by repeated full clique-sums on cliques of size $k$ from cliques of size at most $k+1$. +A \emph{$k$-tree-grid} is a strong product of a $k$-tree and a path. +An \emph{extended $k$-tree-grid} is a graph obtained from a $k$-tree-grid by adding at most $k$ apex vertices. +Dujmovi{\'c} et al.~\cite{DJM+} proved the following result. +\begin{theorem}\label{thm-prod} +Any graph $G$ is a subgraph of the strong product of a $k$-tree-grid and $K_m$, where +\begin{itemize} +\item $k=3$ and $m=3$ if $G$ is planar, and +\item $k=4$ and $m=\max(2g,3)$ if $G$ has Euler genus at most $g$. +\end{itemize} +Moreover, for every $t$, there exists an integer $k$ such that any +$K_t$-minor-free graph $G$ is a subgraph of a graph obtained by repeated clique-sums +from extended $k$-tree-grids. +\end{theorem} + +Let us first bound the comparable box dimension of a graph in terms of +its Euler genus. As paths and $m$-cliques admit touching +representations with hypercubes of unit size in $\mathbb{R}^{1}$ and +in $\mathbb{R}^{\lceil \log_2 m \rceil}$ respectively, by +Lemma~\ref{lemma-sp} it suffices to bound the comparable box +dimension of $k$-trees. + +\begin{theorem}\label{thm-ktree} + For any $k$-tree $G$, $\cbdim(G) \le \ecbdim(G) \le k+1$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + Let $H$ be a complete graph with $k+1$ vertices and let $C^\star$ be + a clique of size $k$ in $H$. By Lemma~\ref{lem-cs}, it suffices + to show that $H$ has a $C^\star$-clique-sum extendable touching representation + by hypercubes in $\mathbb{R}^{k+1}$. Let $V(C^\star)=\{v_1,\ldots,v_k\}$. + We construct the representation $h$ so that (v1) holds with $d_{v_i}=i$ for each $i$; + this uniquely determines the hypercubes $h(v_1)$, \ldots, $h(v_k)$. + For the vertex $v_{k+1} \in V(H)\setminus V(C^\star)$, we set $h(v_{k+1})=[0,1/2]^{k+1}$. + This ensures that the \textbf{(vertices)} conditions holds. + + For the \textbf{(cliques)} conditions, let us set +the point $p(C)$ for every clique $C$ as follows: +\begin{itemize} + \item $p(C)[i] = 0 $ for every $i\le k$ such that $v_i\in C$ + \item $p(C)[i] = \frac14 $ for every $i\le k$ such that $v_i\notin C$ + \item $p(C)[k+1] = \frac12 $ if $v_{k+1}\in C$ + \item $p(C)[k+1] = \frac34 $ if $v_{k+1}\notin C$ +\end{itemize} +By construction, it is clear that for each vertex $v\in V(H)$, $p(C) \in h(v)$ if and only if +$v\in V(C)$. + +For any two distinct cliques $C_1$ and $C_2$, the points $p(C_1)$ and +$p(C_2)$ are distinct. Indeed, by symmetry we can assume that for some $i$ +we have $v_i\in V(C_1)\setminus V(C_2)$, and this implies that $p(C_1)[i] < p(C_2)[i]$. +Hence, the condition (c1) holds. + +Consider now a vertex $v_i$ and a clique $C$. As we observed before, if $v_i\not\in V(C)$, +then $p(C) \not\in h(v_i)$, and thus $h^\varepsilon(C)$ and $h(v_i)$ are disjoint (for sufficiently small $\varepsilon>0$). +If $v_i\in C$, then the definitions ensure that $p(C)[i]$ is equal to the maximum of $h(v_i)[i]$, +and that for $j\neq i$, $p(C)[j]$ is in $h(v_i)[j]$, implying that +$h(v_i)[j] \cap h^\varepsilon(C)[j] = [p(C)[j],p(C)[j]+\varepsilon]$ for sufficiently small $\varepsilon>0$. +\end{proof} +The \emph{treewidth} $\tw(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum $k$ such that $G$ is a subgraph of a $k$-tree. +It is worth noting that the bound on the comparable box dimension of Theorem~\ref{thm-ktree} actually +extends to graphs of treewidth at most $k$ (proof omitted). +\begin{corollary}\label{cor-tw} +Every graph $G$ satisfies $\cbdim(G)\le\tw(G)+1$. +\end{corollary} + +As every planar graph $G$ has a touching representation by cubes in +$\mathbb{R}^3$~\cite{felsner2011contact}, we have that $\cbdim(G)\le 3$. +For graphs with higher Euler genus we can also derive upper +bounds. Indeed, combining the previous observation on the +representations of paths and $K_m$ with Theorem~\ref{thm-ktree}, +Lemma~\ref{lemma-sp} and Corollary~\ref{cor-subg} we obtain: + +\begin{corollary}\label{cor-genus} +For every graph $G$ of Euler genus $g$, there exists a supergraph $G'$ +of $G$ such that $\cbdim(G')\le 6+\lceil \log_2 \max(2g,3)\rceil$. +Consequently, \[\cbdim(G)\le 3\cdot 81^7 \cdot \max(2g,3)^{\log_2 81}.\] +\end{corollary} + +Similarly, we can deal with proper minor-closed classes. +\begin{proof}[Proof of Theorem~\ref{thm-minor}] +Let $\GG$ be a proper minor-closed class. Since $\GG$ is proper, there exists $t$ such that $K_t\not\in \GG$. +By Theorem~\ref{thm-prod}, there exists $k$ such that every graph in $\GG$ is a subgraph of a graph obtained by repeated clique-sums +from extended $k$-tree-grids. As we have seen, $k$-tree-grids have comparable box dimension at most $k+2$, +and by Lemma~\ref{lemma-apex}, extended $k$-tree-grids have comparable box dimension at most $2k+2$. +By Corollary~\ref{cor-csump}, it follows that $\cbdim(\GG)\le 1250^{2k+2}$. +\end{proof} + +Note that the graph obtained from $K_{2n}$ by deleting a perfect matching has Euler genus $\Theta(n^2)$ +and comparable box dimension $n$. It follows that the dependence of the comparable box dimension on the Euler genus cannot be +subpolynomial (though the degree $\log_2 81$ of the polynomial established in Corollary~\ref{cor-genus} +certainly can be improved). The dependence of the comparable box dimension on the size of the forbidden minor that we +established is not explicit, as Theorem~\ref{thm-prod} is based on the structure theorem of Robertson and Seymour~\cite{robertson2003graph}. +It would be interesting to prove Theorem~\ref{thm-minor} without using the structure theorem. + +\section{Fractional treewidth-fragility} + +Suppose $G$ is a connected planar graph and $v$ is a vertex of $G$. For an integer $k\ge 2$, +give each vertex at distance $d$ from $v$ the color $d\bmod k$. Then deleting the vertices of any of the $k$ colors +results in a graph of treewidth at most $3k$. This fact (which follows from the result of Robertson and Seymour~\cite{rs3} +on treewidth of planar graphs of bounded radius) is (in the modern terms) the basis of Baker's technique~\cite{baker1994approximation} +for design of approximation algorithms. However, even quite simple graph classes, such as the strong products of three paths~\cite{gridtw}, do not admit such a coloring where the removal of any color class results in a graph of bounded treewidth. +Nonetheless, a fractional version of this coloring concept is still very useful in the design of approximation algorithms~\cite{distapx} +and applies to much more general graph classes, including all graph classes with strongly sublinear separators and bounded maximum degree~\cite{twd}. + +A class of graphs $\GG$ is \emph{fractionally treewidth-fragile} if there exists a function $f$ such that +for every graph $G\in\GG$ and integer $k\ge 2$, there exist sets $X_1, \ldots, X_m\subseteq V(G)$ such that +each vertex belongs to at most $m/k$ of them and $\tw(G-X_i)\le f(k)$ for every $i$ +(equivalently, there exists a probability distribution on the set $\{X\subseteq V(G):\tw(G-X)\le f(k)\}$ +such that $\text{Pr}[v\in X]\le 1/k$ for each $v\in V(G)$). +For example, the class of planar graphs is (fractionally) treewidth-fragile, since we can let $X_i$ consist of the +vertices of color $i-1$ in the coloring described at the beginning of the section. + +It will be useful to have a different formulation of treewidth for the argument to follow. Recall that a \emph{tree decomposition} of a graph $G$ is a pair + $(T,\beta)$, where $T$ is a rooted tree and $\beta:V(T)\to 2^{V(G)}$ + assigns a \emph{bag} to each of its nodes, such that +\begin{itemize} +\item for each edge $uv\in E(G)$, there exists $x\in V(T)$ such that + $u,v\in\beta(x)$, and +\item for each vertex $v\in V(G)$, the set $\{x\in V(T):v\in\beta(x)\}$ is + non-empty and induces a connected subtree of $T$. +\end{itemize} +For nodes $x,y\in V(T)$, we write $x\preceq y$ if $x=y$ or $x$ is a descendant of $y$ in $T$. +The \emph{width} of the tree decomposition is the maximum of the sizes of the bags minus $1$. The \emph{treewidth} of a graph is the minimum of the widths of its tree decompositions. Let us remark that the treewidth obtained via this definition coincides +with the one via $k$-trees of Section~\ref{sec:prodstruct} + +The purpose of this section is to show that all graph classes of bounded comparable box dimension are fractionally treewidth-fragile. +In fact, we prove this result in a more general setting, motivated by concepts from~\cite{subconvex} and by applications to related +representations. The argument is motivated by the idea used in the approximation algorithms for disk graphs +by Erlebach et al.~\cite{erlebach2005polynomial}. + +For a measurable set $A\subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$, let $\vol(A)$ denote the Lebesgue measure of $A$. Given two measurable subsets $A$ and $B$ of $\mathbb{R}^d$ and a positive integer $s$, we write $A\sqsubseteq_s B$ +if for every $x\in B$, there exists a translation $A'$ of $A$ such that $x\in A'$ and $\vol(A'\cap B)\ge \tfrac{1}{s}\vol(A)$. +Note that for two boxes $A$ and $B$, we have $A\sqsubseteq_1 B$ if and only if $A\sqsubseteq B$. +An \emph{$s$-comparable envelope representation} $(\iota,\omega)$ of a graph $G$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ consists of +two functions $\iota,\omega:V(G)\to 2^{\mathbb{R}^d}$ such that for some ordering $v_1$, \ldots, $v_n$ of vertices of $G$, +\begin{itemize} +\item for each $i$, $\omega(v_i)$ is a box, $\iota(v_i)$ is a measurable set, and $\iota(v_i)\subseteq \omega(v_i)$, +\item if $i<j$, then $\omega(v_j)\sqsubseteq_s \iota(v_i)$, and +\item if $i<j$ and $v_iv_j\in E(G)$, then $\omega(v_j)\cap \iota(v_i)\neq\emptyset$. +\end{itemize} +We say that the representation has \emph{thickness at most $t$} if for every point $x\in \mathbb{R}^d$, there +exist at most $t$ vertices $v\in V(G)$ such that $x\in\iota(v)$. + + + +\begin{theorem}\label{thm-twfrag} +For positive integers $t$, $s$, and $d$, the class of graphs +with an $s$-comparable envelope representation in $\mathbb{R}^d$ of thickness at most $t$ +is fractionally treewidth-fragile, with a function $f(k) = O_{t,s,d}\bigl(k^{d}\bigr)$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} +For a positive integer $k$, let $f(k)=(2ksd+2)^dst$. +Let $(\iota,\omega)$ be an $s$-comparable envelope representation of a graph $G$ +in $\mathbb{R}^d$ of thickness at most $t$, and let $v_1$, \ldots, $v_n$ be the corresponding ordering of the vertices of $G$. +Let us define $\ell_{i,j}\in \mathbb{R}^+$ for $i=1,\ldots, n$ and $j\in\{1,\ldots,d\}$ as an approximation of $ksd|\omega(v_i)[j]|$ such that $\ell_{i-1,j} / \ell_{i,j}$ is a positive integer. Formally, +it is defined by the following process. +\begin{itemize} +\item Let $\ell_{1,j}=ksd|\omega(v_1)[j]|$. +\item For $i=2,\ldots, n$, let $\ell_{i,j} = \ell_{i-1,j}$, if + $\ell_{i-1,j} < ksd|\omega(v_i)[j]|$, and otherwise let + $\ell_{i,j}$ be lowest fraction of $\ell_{i-1,j}$ that is + greater than $ksd|\omega(v_i)[j]|$, formally $\ell_{i,j} = + \min\{\ell_{i-1,j}/b \ |\ b\in + \mathbb{N}^+ \text{ and } \ell_{i-1,j}/b \ge ksd|\omega(v_i)[j]|\}$. +\end{itemize} +Choose $x_j\in [0,\ell_{1,j}]$ uniformly at random, +and let $\HH^i_j$ be the set of hyperplanes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ +consisting of the points whose $j$-th coordinate is equal to +$x_j+m\ell_{i,j}$ for some $m\in\mathbb{Z}$. As $\ell_{i,j}$ is a +multiple of $\ell_{i',j}$ whenever $i\le i'$, we have that $\HH^i_j +\subseteq \HH^{i'}_j$ whenever $i\le i'$. For $i\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$, +the \emph{$i$-grid} is $\HH^i=\bigcup_{j=1}^d \HH^i_j$, and we let the +$0$-grid $\HH^0=\emptyset$. Then, as above, we have that $\HH^i +\subseteq \HH^{i'}$ whenever $i\le i'$. + +Let $X\subseteq V(G)$ consist of the vertices $v_a\in V(G)$ such +that the box $\omega(v_a)$ intersects some hyperplane $H\in \HH^a$, +that is such that $x_j+m\ell_{a,j}\in \omega(v_a)[j]$, for some +$j\in\{1,\ldots,d\}$ and some $m\in \mathbb{Z}$. First, let us argue +that $\text{Pr}[v_a\in X]\le 1/k$. Indeed, the set $[0,\ell_{1,j}]\cap \bigcup_{m\in\mathbb{Z}} (\omega(v_a)[j]-m\ell_{a,j})$ +has measure $\tfrac{\ell_{1,j}}{\ell_{a,j}}\cdot |\omega(v_a)[j]|$, implying that for fixed $j$, this happens with probability +$|\omega(v_a)[j]|/\ell_{a,j}$. Let $a'$ be the largest integer such +that $a'\le a$ and $\ell_{a',j} < \ell_{a'-1,j}$ if such an index exists, +and $a'=1$ otherwise; note that $\ell_{a,j}=\ell_{a',j}\ge ksd|\omega(v_{a'})[j]|$. Moreover, since +$\omega(v_a)\sqsubseteq_s\iota(v_{a'})\subseteq \omega(v_{a'})$, we have $\omega(v_a)[j]\le s\omega(v_{a'})[j]$. +Combining these inequalities, +\[\frac{|\omega(v_a)[j]|}{\ell_{a,j}}\le \frac{s\omega(v_{a'})[j]}{ksd|\omega(v_{a'})[j]|}=\frac{1}{kd}.\] +By the union bound, we conclude that $\text{Pr}[v_a\in X]\le 1/k$. + +We now bound the treewidth of $G-X$. +For $a\ge 0$, an \emph{$a$-cell} is a maximal connected subset of $\mathbb{R}^d\setminus \bigl(\bigcup_{H\in \HH^a} H\bigr)$. +A set $C\subseteq\mathbb{R}^d$ is a \emph{cell} if it is an $a$-cell for some $a\ge 0$. +A cell $C$ is \emph{non-empty} if there exists $v\in V(G-X)$ such that $\iota(v)\subseteq C$. +Note that there exists a rooted tree $T$ whose vertices are +the non-empty cells and such that for $x,y\in V(T)$, we have $x\preceq y$ if and only if $x\subseteq y$. +For each non-empty cell $C$, define $\beta(C)$ to be the set of vertices $v_i\in V(G-X)$ such that +$\iota(v)\cap C\neq\emptyset$ and $C$ is an $a$-cell for some $a\ge i$. + +Let us show that $(T,\beta)$ is a tree decomposition of $G-X$. For each $v_j\in V(G-X)$, the $j$-grid is disjoint from $\omega(v_j)$, +and thus $\iota(v_j)\subseteq \omega(v_j)\subset C$ for some $j$-cell $C\in V(T)$ and $v_j\in \beta(C)$. Consider now an edge $v_iv_j\in E(G-X)$, where $i<j$. +We have $\omega(v_j)\cap \iota(v_i)\neq\emptyset$, and thus $\iota(v_i)\cap C\neq\emptyset$ and $v_i\in \beta(C)$. +Finally, suppose that $v_j\in C'$ for some $C'\in V(T)$. Then $C'$ is an $a$-cell for some $a\ge j$, and since +$\iota(v_j)\cap C'\neq\emptyset$ and $\iota(v_j)\subset C$, we conclude that $C'\subseteq C$, and consequently $C'\preceq C$. +Moreover, any cell $C''$ such that $C'\preceq C''\preceq C$ (and thus $C'\subseteq C''\subseteq C$) is an $a'$-cell +for some $a'\ge j$ and $\iota(v_j)\cap C''\supseteq \iota(v_j)\cap C'\neq\emptyset$, which implies that $v_j\in\beta(C'')$. +It follows that $\{C':v_j\in\beta(C')\}$ induces a connected subtree of $T$. + +Finally, we bound the width of the decomposition $(T,\beta)$. Let $C$ be a non-empty cell and let $a$ be maximum number for which $C$ +is an $a$-cell. Then $C$ is an open box with sides of lengths $\ell_{a,1}$, \ldots, $\ell_{a,d}$. Consider $j\in\{1,\ldots,d\}$: +\begin{itemize} +\item If $a=1$, then $\ell_{a,j}=ksd |\omega(v_a)[j]|$. +\item If $a>1$ and $\ell_{a,j}=\ell_{a-1,j}$, then $\ell_{a,j}=\ell_{a-1,j}<2ksd|\omega(v_a)[j]|$ (otherwise $\ell_{a,j}=\ell_{a-1,j}/b$ for some integer $b\ge 2$). +\item If $a>1$ and $\ell_{a,j} < \ell_{a-1,j}$, then $\ell_{a-1,j}\ge b\times ksd|\omega(v_a)[j]|$ for some integer $b\ge 2$. Now let $b$ be the greatest such integer (that is such that $\ell_{a-1,j} < (b+1)\times ksd|\omega(v_a)[j]|$) and note that +\[\ell_{a,j}=\frac{\ell_{a-1,j}}{b}<\tfrac{b+1}{b}ksd|\omega(v_a)[j]|<\tfrac{3}{2}ksd|\omega(v_a)[j]|.\] +\end{itemize} +Hence, in all cases we have $\ell_{a,j}<2ksd |\omega(v_a)[j]|$. Let $C'$ be the box with the same center as $C$ and with $|C'[j]|=(2ksd+2)|\omega(v_a)[j]|$. +For any $v_i\in \beta(C)\setminus\{v_a\}$, we have $i\le a$ and $\iota(v_i)\cap C\neq\emptyset$, and since $\omega(v_a)\sqsubseteq_s \iota(v_i)$, +there exists a translation $B_i$ of $\omega(v_a)$ that intersects $C\cap \iota(v_i)$ and such that $\vol(B_i\cap\iota(v_i))\ge \tfrac{1}{s}\vol(\omega(v_a))$. +Note that as $B_i$ intersects $C$, we have that $B_i\subseteq C'$. +Using the initial assumption that the representation has thickness at most $t$, we now have +\begin{align*} +\vol(C')&\ge \vol\left(C'\cap \bigcup_{v_i\in \beta(C)\setminus\{v_a\}} \iota(v_i)\right)\\ +&\ge \vol\left(\bigcup_{v_i\in \beta(C)\setminus\{v_a\}} B_i\cap\iota(v_i)\right)\\ +&\ge \frac{1}{t}\sum_{v_i\in \beta(C)\setminus\{v_a\}} \vol(B_i\cap\iota(v_i))\\ +&\ge \frac{\vol(\omega(v_a))(|\beta(C)|-1)}{st}. +\end{align*} +Since $\vol(C')=(2ksd+2)^d\vol(\omega(v_a))$, it follows that +\[|\beta(C)|-1\le (2ksd+2)^dst=f(k),\] +as required. +\end{proof} + +The proof that (generalizations of) graphs with bounded comparable box dimensions have sublinear separators in~\cite{subconvex} +is indirect; it is established that these graphs have polynomial coloring numbers, which in turn implies they have polynomial +expansion, which then gives sublinear separators using the algorithm of Plotkin, Rao, and Smith~\cite{plotkin}. +The existence of sublinear separators is known to follow more directly from fractional treewidth-fragility. Indeed, since $\text{Pr}[v\in X]\le 1/k$, +there exists $X\subseteq V(G)$ such that $\tw(G-X)\le f(k)$ and $|X|\le |V(G)|/k$. The graph $G-X$ has a balanced separator of size +at most $\tw(G-X)+1$, which combines with $X$ to a balanced separator of size at most $V(G)|/k+f(k)+1$ in $G$. +Optimizing the value of $k$ (choosing it so that $V(G)|/k=f(k)$), we obtain the following corollary of Theorem~\ref{thm-twfrag}. + +\begin{corollary} +For positive integers $t$, $s$, and $d$, every graph $G$ +with an $s$-comparable envelope representation in $\mathbb{R}^d$ of thickness at most $t$ +has a sublinear separator of size $O_{t,s,d}\bigl(|V(G)|^{\tfrac{d}{d+1}}\bigr).$ +\end{corollary} + +\bibliography{data} + +%\appendix + +%\section{Omitted proofs} + +%\newtheorem*{lemma-A}{Lemma~\ref{lem-cs}} +%\begin{lemma-A} +% Consider two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$, given with a $C^\star_1$- and a +% $C^\star_2$-clique-sum extendable representations $h_1$ and $h_2$ by comparable boxes +% in $\mathbb{R}^{d_1}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{d_2}$, +% respectively. Let $G$ be the graph obtained by performing a full +% clique-sum of these two graphs on any clique $C_1$ of $G_1$, and on +% the root clique $C^\star_2$ of $G_2$. Then $G$ admits a $C^\star_1$-clique +% sum extendable representation $h$ by comparable boxes in +% $\mathbb{R}^{\max(d_1,d_2)}$. +%\end{lemma-A} + +%\newtheorem*{lemma-B}{Lemma~\ref{lem-apex-cs}} +%\begin{lemma-B} +% For any graph $G$ and any clique $C^\star$, the graph $G$ admits a +% $C^\star$-clique-sum extendable touching representation by +% comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for $d = |V(C^\star)| + +% \ecbdim(G\setminus V(C^\star))$. +%\end{lemma-B} + +%\newtheorem*{corollary-C}{Corollary~\ref{cor-tw}} +%\begin{corollary-C} +%Every graph $G$ satisfies $\cbdim(G)\le\tw(G)+1$. +%\end{corollary-C} + +\end{document}