diff --git a/comparable-box-dimension.tex b/comparable-box-dimension.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3b3da323978cb40cb9f80f2e27e767d217ad67e --- /dev/null +++ b/comparable-box-dimension.tex @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +\documentclass[10pt]{article} +\usepackage{amsthm} +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{colonequals} +\usepackage{epsfig} +\usepackage{url} +\newcommand{\GG}{{\cal G}} +\newcommand{\CC}{{\cal C}} +\newcommand{\OO}{{\cal O}} +\newcommand{\PP}{{\cal P}} +\newcommand{\RR}{{\cal R}} +\newcommand{\col}{\text{col}} +\newcommand{\vol}{\text{vol}} + +\newcommand{\eps}{\varepsilon} +\newcommand{\mc}[1]{\mathcal{#1}} +\newcommand{\mf}[1]{\mathfrak{#1}} +\newcommand{\bb}[1]{\mathbb{#1}} +\newcommand{\brm}[1]{\operatorname{#1}} +\newcommand{\cbdim}{\brm{dim}_{cb}} +%%%%% + + +\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} +\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} +\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} +\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} +\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} +\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation} +\newtheorem{question}[theorem]{Question} + +\title{On comparable box dimension} +\author{Zden\v{e}k Dvo\v{r}\'ak\thanks{Computer Science Institute, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. E-mail: {\tt rakdver@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz}. +Supported by the ERC-CZ project LL2005 (Algorithms and complexity within and beyond bounded expansion) of the Ministry of Education of Czech Republic.}\and +Daniel Gon\c{c}alves\thanks{...} +Abhiruk Lahiri\thanks{...}\and +Jane Tan\thanks{...}\and +Torsten Ueckerdt\thanks{Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. E-mail: {\tt torsten.ueckerdt@kit.edu}}} +\date{} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +The comparable box dimension of a graph $G$ is the minimum integer $d$ such that $G$ can be represented +as a touching graph of comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$ (two boxes are comparable if one of them is +a subset of a translation of the other one). We show that proper minor-closed classes have bounded +comparable box dimension and explore further properties of this notion. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +For a system $\OO$ of subsets of $\mathbb{R}^d$, we say that a graph $G$ is a \emph{touching graph of objects from $\OO$} +if there exists a function $f:V(G)\to \OO$ (called the \emph{touching representation by objects from $\OO$}) +such that for distinct $u,v\in V(G)$, the interiors of $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are disjoint +and $f(u)\cap f(v)\neq\emptyset$ if and only if $uv\in E(G)$. +Famously, Koebe~\cite{koebe} proved that a graph is planar if and only if it is a touching graph of balls in $\mathbb{R}^2$. +This result motivated a number of strenthenings and variations~\cite{...}; most relevantly for us, every planar graph is +a touching graph of cubes in $\mathbb{R}^3$~\cite{felsner2011contact}. + +An attractive feature of touching representation is that it makes it possible to represent graph classes that are sparse +(e.g., planar graphs, or more generally, graph classes with bounded expansion theory~\cite{nesbook}), +whereas in a general intersection representation, the represented class always includes arbitrarily large cliques. +Of course, whether the class of touching graph of objects from $\OO$ is sparse or not depends on the system $\OO$. +For example, all complete bipartite graphs $K_{n,m}$ are touching graphs of axis-aligned boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where the vertices in +one part are represented by $m\times 1\times 1$ boxes and the vertices of the other part are represented by $1\times n\times 1$ +boxes (a \emph{box} is the cartesian product of intervals of non-zero length). +Dvo\v{r}\'ak, McCarty and Norin~\cite{subconvex} noticed that this issue disappears if we forbid such a combination of +long and wide boxes: Two boxes are \emph{comparable} if a translation of one of them is a subset of the other one. +A \emph{touching representation by comparable boxes} of a graph $G$ is a touching representation $f$ by boxes +such that for every $u,v\in V(G)$, the boxes $f(u)$ and $f(v)$ are comparable. For a graph $G$, let the \emph{comparable box dimension} $\cbdim(G)$ +of $G$ be the smallest integer $d$ such that $G$ has a touching representation by comparable boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. +For a class $\GG$ of graphs, let $\cbdim(\GG)=\sup\{\cbdim(G):G\in\GG\}$; note that $\cbdim(\GG)=\infty$ if the +comparable box dimension of graphs in $\GG$ is not bounded. + +Dvo\v{r}\'ak, McCarty and Norin~\cite{subconvex} proved some basic properties of this notion. In particular, +they proved that if a class $\GG$ has finite comparable box dimension, then it has polynomial strong coloring +numbers, which implies that $\GG$ has strongly sublinear separators. They also provided an example showing +that for any function $h$, the class of graphs with strong coloring numbers bounded by $h$ has infinite +comparable box dimension. Dvo\v{r}\'ak et al.~\cite{wcolig} +proved that graphs of comparable box dimension $3$ have exponential weak coloring number, giving the +first natural graph class with olynomial strong coloring numbers and superpolynomial weak coloring numbers +(the previous example is obtained by subdividing edges of every graph suitably many times~\cite{covcol}). + +We show that the comparable box dimension behaves well under the operations of addition of apex vertices, +clique-sums, and taking subgraphs. Together with known results on product structure~\cite{DJM+}, this implies +the main result of this paper. + +\begin{theorem}\label{thm-minor} +The comparable box dimension of every proper minor-closed class of graphs is finite. +\end{theorem} + +Additionally, we show that classes of graphs with finite comparable box dimension are fractionally treewidth-fragile. +This gives arbitrarily precise approximation algorithms for alll monotone maximization problems that are +expressible in terms of distances between the solution vertices and tractable on graphs of bounded treewidth~\cite{distapx} +or expressible in the first-order logic~\cite{logapx}. + +\section{Operations} + +Let us start with a simple lemma saying that addition of a vertex increases the comparable box dimension by at most one. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-apex} +For any graph $G$ and $v\in V(G)$, we have $\cbdim(G)\le \cbdim(G-v)+1$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +Let $f$ be a comparable box representation of $G-v$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d=\cbdim(G-v)$. +For each $u\in V(G)\setminus\{v\}$, let $h(u)=[0,1]\times f(u)$ if $uv\in E(G)$ and +$h(u)=[1/2,3/2]\times f(u)$ if $uv\not\in E(G)$. Let $h(v)=[-1,0]\times [-M,M] \times \cdots \times [-M,M]$, +where $M$ is chosen large enough so that $f(u)\subseteq [-M,M] \times \cdots \times [-M,M]$ for every $u\in V(G)\setminus\{v\}$. +Then $h$ is a comparable box representation of $G$ in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$. +\end{proof} + +Next, let us deal with clique-sums. A \emph{clique-sum} of two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ is obtained from their disjoint union +by identifying vertices of a clique in $G_1$ and a clique of the same size in $G_2$ and possibly +deleting some of the edges of the resulting clique. The main issue to overcome in obtaining a representation for a clique-sum +is that the representations of $G_1$ and $G_2$ can be ``degenerate''. Consider e.g. the case that $G_1$ is represented +by unit squares arrangef in a grid; in this case, there is no space to attach $G_2$ at the cliques formed by four squares intersecting +in a single corner. This can be avoided by increasing the dimension, but we need to be careful so that the dimension stays bounded +even after, motivating the following definition. + +For a box $B=I_1\times \cdot\times I_d$ and $i\in\{1,\ldots,d\}$ let $B[i]$ denote the interval $I_i$. +Let $B_1$, \ldots, $B_k$ be pairwise touching boxes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. +A box $B$ \emph{touches $B_1$, \ldots, $B_k$ generically} if there exist distinct $i_1,\ldots, i_k\in\{1,\ldots, d\}$ such that for +$j=1,\ldots, k$, +\begin{itemize} +\item $B[i_j]\cap B_j[i_j]$ consists of a single point, and +\item for every $i\in\{1,\ldots,d\}\setminus \{i_j\}$, $B[i]\cap B_j[i]$ is a non-empty interval of non-zero length. +\end{itemize} +A clique $K$ in a touching box representation $f$ of a graph $G$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is \emph{exposed} if there exists a box $B$ +such that +\begin{itemize} +\item the interior of $B$ is disjoint from $f(v)$ for every $v\in V(G)$, +\item $B$ touches the boxes $\{f(u):u\in K\}$ generically, and +\item there exists $i\in\{1,\ldots,d\}$ such that $B[i]\subseteq f(u)[i]$ for every $u\in K$. +\end{itemize} +The representation is \emph{exposed} if all cliques are exposed. + +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-expose} +Every graph $G$ has an exposed comparable box representation in $\mathbb{R}^{\chi(G)}$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +... +\end{proof} + +Note that the chromatic number of $G$ is at most exponential in the comparable box dimension; +this follows from~\cite{subconvex} and we include the argument to make the dependence clear. +\begin{lemma}\label{lemma-chrom} +If $G$ has a comparable box representation $f$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$, then $G$ is $3^d$-colorable. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} +We actually show that $G$ is $(3^d-1)$-degenerate. Since every induced subgraph of $G$ also +has a comparable box representation in $\mathbb{R}^d$, it suffices to show that the minimum degree of $G$ +is less than $3^d$. Let $v$ be a vertex of $G$ such that $f(v)$ has the smallest volume. For every neighbor $u$ of $v$, +there exists a translation $B_u$ of $f(v)$ such that $B_u\subseteq f(u)$ and $B_u$ touches $f(v)$. +Note that $f(v)\cup \bigcup_{u\in N(v)} B_u$ is a union of internally disjoint translations of $f(v)$ contained in +a box obtained from $f(v)$ by scaling it by a factor of three, and thus $1+|N(v)|\le 3^d$. +\end{proof} + +\section{Exploiting the product structure} + +\bibliographystyle{siam} + +\bibliography{data} + +\end{document} diff --git a/data.bib b/data.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1450d479ea92c1b7a0cb11548ba3ea294a655938 --- /dev/null +++ b/data.bib @@ -0,0 +1,5323 @@ +@article{catlin, +author={P. A. 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